Flash glucose monitoring system in patients with type 1 diabetes in healthcare center in Brazil: real world data from a short-term prospective study

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the alternate use of flash glucose monitoring (FGM) with self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Materials and methods: Two weeks of open FGM (P2), both preceded (P1) and followed by 2 weeks (P3) of SMBG with a blinded FGM system. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) was calculated by (-FGMi − SMBGi-) / SMBGi, where it was a paired data sample. Results: In total, 34 patients were evaluated. Time in range (TIR) did not change between P1 and P2. In 12 patients (35.3%), TIR increased from 40% at P1 to 52% at P2 (p = 0.002) and in 22 (64.7%), TIR decreased or did not change. FGM use resulted in decreased % time spent in hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) (6.5% vs. 5.0%; p = 0.005), increased % time spent in hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dL) (44.5% to 51%; p = 0.046) with no significant change in % TIR. The proportion of patients who reached sensor-estimated glycated hemoglobin (eA1c) < 7% decreased from 23.5% at P1 to 12.9% at P2, p = 0.028. For the whole sample, the MARD between the two methods was 15.5% (95% CI 14.5-16.6%). For normal glucose range, hyperglycemic levels and hypoglycemic levels MARD were 16.0% (95% CI 15.0-17.0%), 13.3% (95% CI 11.5-15.2%) and 23.4% [95% CI 20.5-26.3%)], respectively. Conclusion: FGM after usual SMBG decreased the % time spent in hypoglycemia concomitant with an undesired increase in % time spent in hyperglycemia. Lower accuracy of FGM regarding hypoglycemia levels could result in overcorrection of hypoglycemia.

Risk factors associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease evaluated by elastography in patients with type 2 diabetes

ABSTRACT Objective: There is controversy about the indication for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) screening in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The present study aims to contribute to NAFLD surveillance in patients with T2D, assessing the association of clinical and biological variables with hepatic stiffness and steatosis. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional design was used, with data collection from electronic medical records, including adults with T2D who underwent transient elastography (TE) between June 2018 and December 2019. Liver stiffness and steatosis were evaluated using TE and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), respectively, with cutoff points > 8 kpa for increased stiffness and > 275 dBm for steatosis. The relationship between clinical variables and elastography results were evaluated by bivariate correlation and multivariate analysis, using SPSS 27. Seventy-nine patients (n = 79) met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Advanced fibrosis and hepatic steatosis were detected in 17,7% and in 21,5% of the patients, respectively. There was a direct and significant correlation between CAP and BMI, waist circumference, HbA1c, triglycerides levels, and insulin doses and an inverse correlation with HDL. The waist circumference, low levels of HDL cholesterol and the insulin dose maintained a significant association with CAP values in multivariate analysis. Elastography values showed an inverse correlation with HDL and a direct correlation with BMI and insulin dose. The association was only maintained for the insulin dose in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Our results suggest that clinical factors such as insulin dose, waist circumference, and HDL cholesterol levels could identify T2D patients more likely to present NAFLD.

Telemonitoring type 1 diabetes patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: was it useful?

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the performance of telemonitoring in detecting clinical and psychological needs and adherence to the protective measures imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to providing remote assistance for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a public university center in Brazil. Subjects and methods: Telemonitoring protocol included phone calls and e-mails. Patients were asked to rate COVID-19-like symptoms, psychological symptoms, epidemiological issues, and adherence to diabetes management (insulin, exercise, and diet) using a 0-to-10 scale. An e-mail address and phone number were offered for further contact if needed. Clinical, demographic, and laboratorial data from the consultations before the pandemic were collected from medical records. Results: Among 321 patients with a previously scheduled consultation over the first 15 weeks of social distancing, 237 (73.8%) could be successfully contacted. Of these, 207 (87.3%) were exclusively evaluated by telemonitoring (190 only by phone or text message and 17 who were also reached by email), and 30 (12.7%) patients attended the consultation for medical reasons detected during the telephone screening. Overall, 44 (18.5%) patients reported COVID-19-like symptoms. One (2.3%) patient was hospitalized and subsequently died. Psychological symptoms were reported by 137 (60.4%) patients and 30 (12.7%) required remote psychological assistance. Appropriate social distancing was performed by 203 (87.9%) patients, and 221 (97.8%) referred use of masks. Conclusions: Telemonitoring T1D patients during the pandemic helped reduce the need for in-person consultations, detect clinical and psychological needs, and offer support to patients in addition to monitoring suspected COVID-19 cases and the adherence to protective measures.

Influência do índice glicêmico da dieta sobre parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 / Influence of dietary glycemic index on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência de uma intervenção não farmacológica, constituída de uma dieta de baixo índice glicêmico (IG) por um período de seis meses, no controle metabólico e nos indicadores antropométricos de pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Noventa e seis pacientes com DM1 foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, bioquímica e dietética antes e 6 meses após a prescrição de uma dieta baseada no índice glicêmico. RESULTADOS: Observamos diminuição significativa da A1c (9,8 ± 2,26 por cento vs. 9,1 ± 2,16 por cento; p = 0,023) e aumento de peso (61,3 ± 11,68 kg vs. 62,8 ± 12,07 kg; p = 0,04) após o período de intervenção. CONCLUSÃO: A dieta de baixo índice glicêmico foi capaz de melhorar o controle glicêmico em pacientes com DM1. Estudos com maior tempo de seguimento serão necessários para estabelecermos se a aderência dos pacientes a esse tipo de dieta influencia na manutenção do controle glicêmico.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of a non-pharmacological intervention, consisting of a diet low glycemic index (GI) for a period of six months on metabolic control and anthropometric parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-six type 1 diabetic patients underwent an anthropometric, biochemical and dietary assessment before and six months after the prescription of diet based on the glycemic index. RESULTS: After six months we observed a decrease in A1C levels (9,8 ± 2,26 percent vs. 9,1 ± 2.16 percent; p = 0,023) and increase in body weight (61,3 ± 11,68 kg vs. 62,8 ± 12,07 kg; p = 0,04). CONCLUSION: A low GI diet improved glycemic control in patients with DM1. Further studies with longer time of follow-up are needed to assess if patients' adherence to this kind of diet influences the maintenance of glycemic control.

Metas de pressão arterial em pacientes com diabetes: [revisão] / Blood pressure goals in patients with diabetes: [review]

A coexistência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e diabetes aumenta de forma sinérgica o risco de complicações micro e macrovasculares. Pressão arterial abaixo de130/80 mmHg tem sido recomendada para pacientes diabéticos por diferentes sociedades médicas e, na presença de proteinúria (1-2 g/dia) ou insuficiência renal crônica, níveis abaixo de 120/75 mmHg são indicados. Os grandes estudos clínicos que compararam os efeitos das intervenções anti-hipertensivas intensiva e convencional em pacientes diabéticos apresentam diferenças metodológicas quanto às características clínicas dos pacientes estudados, metas de pressão arterial objetivadas e definições de desfecho. Logo, os resultados encontrados também são divergentes. A busca de metas de pressão arterial rigorosas geralmente requer associação de múltiplas drogas e pode resultar em eventos adversos em populações de risco, especialmente portadoras de coronariopatia. Fatores como idade, presença de doença cardíaca preexistente ou nefropatia e/ou fatores de risco para complicações micro ou macrovasculares devem ser considerados ao se definirem as metas do tratamento anti-hipertensivo, já que os riscos e benefícios diferem entre populações de diferentes características.

The coexistence of hypertension and diabetes synergistically increases the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Blood pressure levels below 130/80 mmHg have been recommended for diabetic patients by various medical societies and in the presence of proteinuria (1-2g/day) or chronic renal failure, levels below 120/75 mmHg are indicated. Large clinical studies which compared the effects of intensive and conventional antihypertensive interventions in patients with diabetes present methodological differences regarding clinical features of studied patients, blood pressure goals and outcome definitions. Therefore, the results also differ. The search for stringent blood pressure targets generally requires combination of multiple drugs and may result in adverse events in populations at risk, especially patients with coronary artery disease. Factors such as age, presence of pre-existing heart disease or nephropathy and/or risk factors for microor macrovascular complications, should be considered insetting the goals of antihypertensive treatment, since the risks and benefits differ between populations with different characteristics.

Confiabilidade da classificação do estado nutricional obtida através do IMC e três diferentes métodos de percentual de gordura corporal em pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 / Reliability of the classification of nutritional status obtained through the BMI and three different methods of body fat percentage in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade da classificação do estado nutricional (EN) obtida através do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e três diferentes métodos de composição corporal (CC) em indivíduos diabéticos tipo 1 (DM1) e não diabéticos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 84 pacientes com DM1 e 37 controles. Coletaram-se os dados antropométricos para calcular o IMC e a avaliação da CC foi obtida por meio dos métodos de dobras cutâneas (DC), bioimpedância elétrica bipolar (BI) e tetrapolar (TT). A adequação entre as classificações de cada método foi determinada pelo coeficiente Kappa (K). RESULTADOS: Dentre os 84 pacientes, apenas 48 (57,1 por cento) apresentaram classificação do IMC concordante com o método de DC, 58 (69 por cento) com o de BI e 45 (53,5 por cento) com o de TT. Os resultados do K para os indivíduos com DM1 foi de DC = 0,261, BI = 0,320 e TT = 0,174. Os controles apresentaram valores maiores (DC = 0,605, BI = 0,360 e TT = 0,400). Porém, todos os valores foram considerados baixos. CONCLUSÕES: O método de IMC mostrou-se pouco sensível às variações na CC dos indivíduos com DM1. Métodos próprios para a avaliação da CC devem ser utilizados na classificação do EN dessa população.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability of classification of nutritional status (NS) obtained through the body mass index (BMI) and three different methods of body composition (BC) in individuals type 1 diabetics (T1D) and non-diabetic subjects. METHODS: 84 patients with T1D and 37 controls were evaluated. Anthropometric data was collected to calculate BMI and assessment of BC was performed through the methods of skinfold thickness (SF), bipolar (BI) and tetrapolar (TT) bioelectrical impedance. The agreement between the scores of each method was determined by Kappa (K) coefficient. RESULTS: Considering all the patients, only 48 (57.1 percent) presented classification of BMI that agreed with the SF method, 58 (69 percent) with the BI and 45 (53.5 percent) with the TT. The K results for individuals with T1D was DC = 0.261, BI = 0.320 and TT = 0.174. The controls had higher values (DC = 0.605, BI = 0.360 and TT = 0.400). However, all values were considered low. CONCLUSIONS: The method of BMI showed little sensitivity to BC changes in patients with T1D. Appropriated methods for the assessment of BC should be used to classify the NS of this population.

Polimorfismos I/D do gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina e C242T do gene do componente p22phox da NADPH oxidase em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 / Polymorphism I/D of the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme and C242T gene to component of NADPH oxidase in patients with type 1 diabetes

O sistema renina-angiotensina e o estresse oxidativo têm participação importante na fisiopatologia das complicações crônicas do diabetes. No presente estudo, foram avaliados 103 pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) com idade de 28,8+-10,6 anos e duração de doença de 13,1+-8,5 anos e 158 controles não diabéticos quanto à presença dos polimorfismos I/D da ECA e C242T do p22phox, componente essencial para a ativação da NADPH oxidase. Esta análise de restrição enzimática para avaliação do polimorfismo C242T p22phox. Ambas as distribuições genotípicas obedeciam ao princípio do equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Os pacientes diabéticos foram submetidos a avaliação clínica e laboratorial quanto à presença de fatores associados ao risco de complicações (história de tabagismo e antecedentes familiares de diabetes tipo 2, dose diária de insulina, níveis pressóricos, índice de massa corporal, relação cintura-quadril, excreção urinária de albumina, taxa de filtração glomerular, perfil lipídico, controle glicêmico, níveis de proteína C-reativa) e rastreados quanto à presença de nefropatia diabética, considerada presença de micro ou macroalbuminúria; retinopatia diabética não proliferativa ou proliferativa e hipertensão arterial. Não houve diferença significativa entre a presença dos alelos D e I da ECA ou C e T do p22phox entre diabéticos e controles. Os polimorfismos avaliados não apresentaram associação com a presença de nefropatia, retinopatia ou hipertensão arterial. Pacientes portadores do alelo D apresentaram maiores níveis de pressão arterial diastólica (72,2+-12,3 vs 65,4+-11,6 mmHg, p=0,047) e proteína C-reativa comparados aos portadores do genótipo II [0,18 (0,04-0,38) vs 0,09 (0,04-0,16) mg/dl, p=0,05], porém ambas as análises perderam significância estatística após correção para duração do diabetes. A combinação dos polimorfismos não esteve associada à presença de complicações microvasculares ou hipertensão arterial. Concluímos que, na população de diabéticos ...

The renin-angiotensin system and the oxidative stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of the diabetic complications. In the present study 103 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) aged 28.8+-10.6 years and with a disease duration of 13.1+-8.5 years and 158 non-dabetic controls were evaluated for the presence of the I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and the C242T polymorphism of the p22phox, an essential component for NADPH oxidase activation. The analysis was performed using polymerase chain reaction for both polymorphisms, followed by enzymatic restriction for C242T p22phox polymorphism. Genotypic distributions of both polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Diabetic patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation for the presence of risk factors associated with complications of diabetes (smoking and family history of type 2 diabetes, daily insulin dose, blood pressure, body mass index, waist - hip ratio, urinary albumin excretion, glomerular filtration rate, lipid profile, glycemic control, C-reactive protein levels) and screened for the presence of diabetic nephropathy, considered as the presence of micro or macroalbuminuria, diabetic retinopathy and hypertension. There was no significant difference between the presence of ACE D or I allele and p22phox C or T allele between diabetic patients and controls. The evaluated polymorphisms were not associated with the presence of nephropathy, retinopathy of hypertension. Patients with the D allele showed higher levels of diastolic blood pressure (72.2+-12.3 vs 65.4+-11.6 mmHg, p=0.047) and C-reactive protein compared with those carrying the II genotype [0.18 (0.04-0.38) vs 0.09 (0.04-0.16) mg/dl, p=0.05], but both analysis lost statistical significance after correction for duration of diabetes. The combination of both polymorphisms was not associated with microvascular complications or hypertension. We conclude that in the studies population of type ...

Dislipidemias no diabetes melito tipo 1: abordagem atual / Dyslipidemias in type 1 diabetes: a current approach

Com a intensificação do controle glicêmico no tratamento do diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1), houve uma mudança progressiva das causas de mortalidade com destaque para a DCV. A identificação de fatores de risco, como a dislipidemia, tornou-se de grande importância para minimizar o risco de complicações crônicas micro e macrovasculares. As diretrizes para prevenção de doença coronariana em diabetes, geralmente, fazem referência ao diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2), com pouca recomendação específica para o DM1. Definir alvos terapêuticos ou indicação de intervenção farmacológica é mais controverso nesse tipo de diabetes, em virtude da faixa etária desses pacientes. O presente estudo busca destacar a importância de estabelecer o diagnósti-co da dislipidemia nesse grupo de pacientes e instituir terapêutica adequa- da e precoce, objetivando alcançar as metas estabelecidas para reduzir o perfil lipídico aterogênico desses pacientes.

With the intensive glycemic control in the therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, cardiovascular disease has been the main cause of mortality. Identification of risk factors, such as dyslipidemia is considered of great importance in terms of avoiding chronic micro and macro vascular complications. The statements for prevention of coronary artery disease in diabetes are generally are related do type 2 diabetes mellitus and little attention is paid to T1DM. Defining therapeutical targets and indications for treatment are more controversial in these patients due to their young ages. The present study aims to emphasize the importance of establishing the diagnosis of dyslipidemia in this group of patients as well as indicate the appropriate and early treatment, in order to reach the targets of treatment and reduce the atherogenic lipid profile.